Future trends in geospatial information management

UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management

Future trends in geospatial information management: the five to ten year vision

Background

Key emerging trends identified as a result of the input received include:

The growing number of sensors in everyday devices, which collect and provide geospatial information, will increase and alter the dynamic of data collection. This will also increase the role of geospatial data creation and collection by citizens, both active and passive.

New data will be created on top of accurate geospatial data using real-time user information available through social media and other web uses.

There will be an increased demand for applications to be used with high-resolution imagery.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as a tool for rapid geospatial data collection will increase.

3D and even 4D geospatial information, incorporating time as the fourth dimension, will increase.

Developments in technology mean that collaboration on data collection and management will increase, with different aspects carried out in different parts of the globe.

The emergence of new independent Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) will require a concomitant system for unification.

Demand for geospatial data will increase, particularly in developing countries, as they look to develop different sectors of their economies.

Education and broader capacity building will play a vital role in this field, ensuring that both the skills required to make best use of spatial information are available and that key decision-makers are aware of the value of this information.

Citizens’ familiarity with information that has a spatial aspect to it, particularly through the use of Location Based Services, will continue to increase.

People will change and adapt as they become more familiar with technology and handling of data streams, and will become increasingly adept at recognising trends (spatial, temporal and causal) within the vast quantities of data that will likely be available.

Analysis and reasoning based on data may start to form part of Spatial Data Infrastructures, as the concepts of infrastructure as a service, IaaS, platform as a service, PaaS, and software as a service, SaaS, evolve further on to model as a service, MaaS.

The provision of data as Linked Data, similar to the www where documents are linked together, will increase and will be widely implemented within the next 5 years, replacing current exchange standards (e.g. GML).

There will be a dramatic push to give access to both imagery and applications to end‐users anytime, anywhere.

The cloud will become increasingly important as a delivery mechanism for geospatial data. It will also have a significant impact on current business models.

Technology will move faster than legal and governance structures.

Low-cost low tech sensors will proliferate.

Gaming may inspire new developments as opposed to traditional geospatial information.

The link between geospatial information and social media, plus other actor networks, will become more and more important.

Real-time information will enable more dynamic modelling and response to disasters.

Metadata and other ways of dealing with the increasing amounts of data that will be available will be increasingly important.

Free and open source software will continue to grow as viable alternatives both in terms of software, and potentially in analysis and processing.

Earth observations systems will be increasingly improved and make the satellite imagery of any place at any time available.

Geospatial computation will increasingly be non-human consumable in nature, with an increase in the number of fully-automated decision systems.

Businesses and Governments will increasingly invest in tools and resources to manage Big Data. The technologies required for this will enable greater use of raw data feeds from sensors and other sources of data.

Global demand for Location-Based Services will continue to rise and should lead to geospatial information achieving ubiquity.

The widespread use and creation of geospatial data will lead to the establishment of a geospatial infrastructure. Society will increasingly rely on this infrastructure, much as it has become dependent on other, more traditional forms of infrastructure, such as electrical grids or highway networks.

Within five years GNSS modernisation will have a significant effect on all classes of positioning – from high end, geodetic quality applications such as orbit determination of low earth orbiting satellites and warning systems for earthquakes and tsunamis, down to consumer grade devices in phones and PDAs. Positioning will be more accurate, with lower latency and greater integrity. Integration with other sensor sets (typically low cost MEMS devices and compasses) will also have developed significantly. Positioning devices will work reliably in far more places than they currently do, and because of this, applications enabled by the technology will spiral upwards in terms of volume and sophistication.

In ten years time it is likely that all smart phones (or whatever replaces them) will be able to film 360 degree 3D video at incredibly high resolution by today’s standards, and wirelessly stream it in real time. Such devices would likely be carried or worn by workers in situations where it would be useful for their colleagues (back at the office or in the field) to be able to see what they are seeing – for example police officers, firefighters, utility workers, etc. They would also be mounted in many vehicles, at street intersections, etc. This network of devices will provide data that can be merged in real time to give an immersive video view of the world.

Augmented reality applications will be pervasive, with the ability to view a whole range of data overlays on top of the real world.

We will see significantly more diversity in the geospatial market than we have had over the past couple of decades. We are likely to see much more influence from video games, in terms of dynamic graphics and 3D visualization. This will be another driver for a new generation of software to replace today’s incumbents.

There will be a need for geospatial use governance in order to discern the real world from the virtual/modelled world in a 3D geospatial environment.

Free and open access to data will become the norm and geospatial information will increasingly be seen as an essential public good.

Funding models to ensure full data coverage even in non-profitable areas will continue to be a challenge.

Privacy will continue to be a major battleground.

Rapid growth will lead to confusion and lack of clarity over data ownership, distribution rights, liabilities and other aspects.

Protection of data from processes like data ‘scraping’ will be an issue.

Legislation will increasingly recognise digital signatures as digital cadastre/deeds will become the norm.

In five years, legal and policy communities in most parts of the world will be getting to grips with the power of geospatial technology and some of the unique aspects of geospatial data. However, in many areas of the world a consistent and transparent legal and policy framework will not have developed with regards to such matters as privacy, national security, liability and intellectual property. This will cause a number of issues.

In ten years, there will be a clear dividing line between winning and losing nations, dependent upon whether the appropriate legal and policy frameworks have been developed that enable a location-enabled society to flourish.

Some governments will use geospatial technology as a means to monitor or restrict the movements and personal interactions of their citizens. Individuals in these countries may be unwilling to use LBS or applications that require location for fear of this information being shared with authorities.  Supervision and regulation of geospatial information according to law will prevail, with governments paying increasing attention to the authoritativeness and accuracy of geospatial information.  National geospatial data infrastructures will be planned, developed and maintained as statutory infrastructures. 7  The deployment of sensors and the broader use of geospatial data within society will force public policy and law to move into a direction to protect the interests and rights of the people.  Location awareness should form a core component of the Internet of Things.  Capacity development and educational programmes will need to be tailored to individual country needs.  Spatial literacy will not be about learning GIS in schools but will be more centred on increasing spatial awareness and an understanding of the value of understanding place as context.  Staff at National Mapping Agencies will have to be rationalized and retrained to acquire multidisciplinary skills.  As well as playing a major role in securing and guaranteeing the quality of base geospatial information, governments/National Mapping Agencies will take on an additional role as geospatial information manager, and playing a guiding role in guaranteeing the quality and reliability of software used in creating user specific geospatial realities.  Government’s roles may increasingly be one of compensating for market failure as opposed to providing the complete geospatial framework.  The role of National Mapping Agencies as an authoritative supplier of high quality data and of arbitrator of other geospatial data sources will continue to be crucial.  National Mapping Agencies set up with large numbers of staff within individual specialist units will change.  Monopolies held by National Mapping Agencies in some areas of specialised spatial data will be eroded completely.  More activities carried out by National Mapping Agencies will be outsourced and crowdsourced.  Crowdsourced data will push National Mapping Agencies towards niche markets.  Government should provide leadership and establish/oversee frameworks.  National Mapping Agencies will be required to find new business models to provide simplified licenses and meet the demands for more free data from mapping agencies.  The integration of crowdsourced data with government data will increase over the next 5 to 10 years.  Crowdsourced content will decrease cost, improve accuracy and increase availability of rich geospatial information.  There will be increased combining of imagery with crowdsourced data to create datasets that could not have been created affordably on their own. 8  There will be no more than ten global providers of geospatial information services in the world.  Progress will be made on bridging the gap between authoritative data and crowdsourced data, moving towards true collaboration.  There will be an accelerated take-up of Volunteer Geographic Information over the next five years.  In all geographies without market failure, the private sector will wish to compete with traditional players.  Crowdsourced sensoring will emerge.  Within five years the level of detail on transport systems within OpenStreetMap will exceed virtually all other data sources and will be respected and used by major organisations and governments across the globe.  Community-based mapping will continue to grow.  There is unlikely to be a market for datasets like those currently sold to power navigation and location-based services solutions in 5 years, as they will have been superseded by crowdsourced datasets from OpenStreetMaps or other comparable initiatives.  National Mapping Agencies are likely to find it difficult to justify the costs of traditional data maintenance mechanisms as their products are used in increasingly niche areas.